Albania

Albania functions as a sovereign nation-state that provides governance and public administration for its territory. It operates core institutions such as the parliament, the prime minister’s office, and various e‑government portals that deliver services to citizens and residents. The country maintains national infrastructure including seaports, airports, and border crossings, which are managed by its police and customs authorities. Tax collection is carried out through a dedicated filing system that remained operational on separate servers during recent cyber incidents. Albania also conducts foreign relations and engages with international organisations, receiving diplomatic and technical support from partners. Its public services are intended to serve the entire population across the country’s geographic area.

Albania has been distinguished by a series of cyberattacks that have been publicly attributed to Iranian actors, including an alleged Iranian‑linked group known as Homeland Justice. The nation’s decision to host the exiled Iranian opposition group MEK has been cited as a underlying factor in these tensions, prompting raids on MEK camps and denials of involvement by the group. In response to the attacks, Albania’s National Agency for Information Society collaborated with Microsoft, Jones International Group, and domestic cybersecurity firms to neutralise threats and protect information systems. The government temporarily shut down most online public services and websites as a defensive measure, while critical services such as tax filing continued on isolated servers. Following the incidents, Albania severed diplomatic relations with Iran, expelled Iranian diplomatic personnel, and received public backing from the United States, NATO, and the European Union. As an independent state, Albania’s headquarters are located within its own territory and it has no parent or subsidiary entity.